Nut cracking



March 4, 1941.

K. M. JONES Nu'r cRAcKING Fiied Aug. 7, 1957' 4l shets-sheet 1 INVENTOR KARL M. JONES vATTORNEY S March 4, 1941.

K. M. JoNEs NUT CRACKING- FiledAug. '7'. 19s? muets-sheet 2 ATTORNEYS K. M'. JONES NUT CRACKING March 4, 1941.

Filed Aug. '7l 1957 4 Sheets-Sheet 5 lNvENToR KAR/.- MJD/VES @h im ATTORNEYS Patented Manl 4, 1.94.1

UNITED STATES PATENT oFFlcE a This invention is directed to a method and ap-v paratus for dehusking and cracking certain varieties oi palm nuts to separate the shells from the kernels. This process and apparatusare par 5 ticularly useful in connection with the treatment of nuts of the cohune variety.

These nuts as grown, come in very largeclusters of several hundred nuts with each individ-v ual nut covered by a brous husk which can be l removed with comparative ease. The shell proper of these nuts, however, is extremely hard and attempts heretofore made to remove the shells without severely crushing or bruising the internal kernel or meat or mashing the meats l with broken pieces'of shell have attained little success.

The vshells are extremelyhard and withstand a great deal of force. When they are wet, that is, as gathered, it is practically impossible to crack the shells without crushing the entire nut.

' 30 having a high ycontent of valuable oils that are substantially odorless, colorless, and tasteless. These oils canbe commercially used for soa-ps, butter substitutes such as oleomargarine, cooking and salad oils, bakers syrup, candy making, tinplate ilux, and the like, but heretofore no commercial process has been devised by means of whichy the kernels could be separated from the shells in an expeditious manner. Among the 'nuts to which this invention may be applied and par- '40 ticularly those which have extremely hard and substantially unbreakable shells are those known as cohune or cahone, babassu, corozo and coquito. In addition to these there are -certain suby varieties of. the general classes just mentioned and also other nuts having local names depending upon the region in which they grow. These include coyol, cokerite or cocorito, as well as manaca and others.

. nuts are referred to generically as palm nuts-oi' 5U the cohune variety although some of them might not be within a strict .definition of cohune nuts.

f The various species of nuts justlisted vary in size from about one inch long up to about three and four inches long or even slightly more. The 65 babassu being in the latter group. Many of eiect, several small pockets.

In this specification these these nuts have a single pocket and a single kernel therein while others, as for example, the babassu, have from three-to sevenkernels separated by membranes extending across the nut from one wall to another so that there are, in 6 Because of these varying structures it hasnot been practicableV heretofore to use any speciiic type of mechanism for separating the shells from the kernels.

All of these nuts are characterized by a very l0 hard tenacious, woody shell, the physical properties of `which vary according to the condition of the nuts. Although these shells are quite thick compared to the size oi.' the kernel and stone-likel in appearance and reaction, theycan l5 be broken if suflicient force is applied. Attempts heretofore made to crack these nuts have been unsuccessful because when sulcient force has been applied to break the shell it has been done with a crushing action that transmitted the 20 force applied to the shell to the kernel which wasv likewise crushed and damaged and in many instances badly mashed with the shell. As a result, the separation of whole kernels was impossible and the crushed or damaged kernels when 25 shipped underwent rapid deterioration by becomingrancidand there wasa substantial loss of the valuable oil in the kernel.

This problem is accentuated if attempts are made 'to Acrack -the nutsl shortly after they are 30 gathered. 'I'he nuts are generally ripe-but are what is known as we In'this condition, it is` impossible by the methods heretofore practiced to crack these nuts without substantially mashing the kernel. When, however, the nuts have 3B been seasoned by a drying treatment extending over a long period, the shellscan be broken somewhat more readily than when wet but even lin this condition no commercially practicable process for separating the kernels from the shells 40 has been devised. Attempts have also been made to dry these n'uts rapidly' by high temperature treatments but this has not to any great extent assisted in the solution'of the problem.

2The problems in connection with the cracking 45 of, such nuts have been increased'because of the f' 'fact that various nuts within this class differ inherent hard-ness. Another factor is that nuts which appear to be uniform on the outside may differ greatly in the number of kernels, their relative sizes and arrangements. Likewise, nuts of a given class may vary from time to time depending upon whether or not they are ripe or green, dry or we in their natural condition but simply crushed or mashed, and since the nuts are grown, gathered, and generally cracked in the warm, humid, tropical climates they remain wet despite eiforts made to dry them. Nuts on the ground gather additional moisture and the husk retains it.

After ripening on the trees the nuts fall to the y ground where they may lie for a year or two before they are gatheredI during which time they do not lose any moisture but mayactually pick up some.

lI have discovered a method and devised an i in size or structure of the individual nuts or their physical condition, i. e., whether or notl they are process. That is, if the nuts are properly conditioned before it is attempted to crack the shells, this cracking operation can be readily accomplished without in any manner damaging the kernels. When the nuts are gatheredthey will be wet although they'are ripe. Wet nuts have very tough shells of great inherent tenaiousness and some elasticity resulting in transmitting shocks applied to the shell directly to the kernel and exerting crushing pressure. Attempts heretofore made to crack wet nuts resulted simply in crushing the entire mit since. the shell has no frangibility. In the case of dry nuts the shell is slightly more brittle butforce applied to the surface of the shell is transmitted to the kernel as the shell is broken. This conditioning process can be applied to nuts which are ripe or green, wet or dry. In practice, the vnuts should all be ripe because the oil content of green nuts is substantially lower than in the case where the nuts have ripened, but the physical condition of the nuts, i. e., with respect to wetness or dryness, is immaterial when applying this process.

Conditioning'of thev nuts involves embrlttling the shells, i. e., 4making them more frangible. This is accomplished by developing -what is believed to be a crystalline formation in the shell so that it is less resistant to shock and becomes rigid through the setting up vof strains and stresses within the shell. Cloincident with this there is a separation of the kernel from the shell proper so that the bond between the surface -eovthroughout substantially theentire contacting` ering of the kernel and the socket lining is broken suraces. In some cases, a nut which when shaken gave forth no sound, after the conditioning treatment, produced a rattling sound indicating a separation of the shell from the kernel. This works to the advantage of the process when the nuts are cracked. Likewise the conditioning treatment makes the kernels shock resistant so as to retain their shape when the cracking forces are applied to the shell. w

Nuts which have been conditioned to produce the characteristics above describedjare readily shattered and yet the whole kernels can be separated from the shells in a very easy and expeditious manner.

If desired, my process can be carried out in a continuous manner by 'employing apparatus Wet nuts cannot be cracked -wet or dry, makes little'or no difference in the companying drawings.

This process contemplates the preliminary conditioning treatment of the nuts before they are subjected to suitable cracking forces f or shattering the shell. To this end, the nuts, whether in a dry or wet condition, are cooled. When the nuts have been thus cooled, the kernels, which prior to4 the cooling might havebeen firmly embedded in the shells, are loosened so that many cooled nuts when shaken produce a rattling sound positively indicating that the kernel has been loosened from its socket. This observable physical separation of the kernel from the shell is incidental since even if the kernel still is rm in its socket, the conditioned nut can be cracked without damaging the kernel which has-broken its bond with the socket `lining or weakened it. The treatment applied to the nuts definitely affects the kernels. Ordinarily they are relatively quite soft and readily exude the oil they carry in such large proportions. After conditioning, the oil is congealed without embrittling the brous structure so that they can withstand the breaking shock 'applied to the shell and retain-their form free from bruising. When the nut has been -cooled to the desired temperature, it is in a condition such that a relatively slight blow will readily shatter the extremely hard, resistant shell. A relatively slight shock will accomplish this without in any manner damaging the kernel, which is separated from the shell inlits whole form and not crushed, bruised, or mashed as in the methods heretofore employed. The cracked shells and the free kernels may be separated by any of a number of known means or by the means hereinafter described and illustrated.

The details of this process will be described in connection with a discussion of the apparatus illustrated in the' accompanying drawings but it should be borne in mind that the apparatus shown while convenient for carrying out the process is not essentialthereto and other forms of apparatus could be employed. Likewise changes may be made in the details of this apparatus or of the process without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Referring to the drawings:

Figure 1 is a view in elevation with parts broken away to show sections of various details of a conapparatus Figure 6 is a view in elevation of a cohune nut with the husk or pericarp thereon;

Figure 7. is an exploded view showing a nut with a portion of the removed husk below and another portion of the removed husk above, in section; f

Figure 8 is a view in cross-section along the line 8 8 .of Figure 6;

Figure 9'is a view in cross-section along the l line 9-9 of Figure 6; and

'I'he invention will be described particularly with reference to cohune nuts, although it is to be understood that this is simply an exemplifies.- tion of the process which may be applied to other nuts of similar types as described above.

Cohune nuts grow in large bunches and each oi' the individual nuts are covered with a husk or pericarp, which can be readilyremoved and this may be done at the source of the nut.

The structure of the entire' nut is best illus-.

trated in Figure 8 which shows the nut in. longitudinal cross-section. It includes the outer husk H, the thick hard stone-like shell T surrounding and tightly fitting over the kernel K. The shell T is composed of a relatively large number of fibers F which, at the stem end, are not joined in any manner but have somewhat the appearance of a brush. These fibers extend the entire length of the nut from -the stem to the base B but for the greater portion of their length are firmly encased in a hard,`rather fibrous, material M which, with the long fibers F, give the shell T great strength. The kernel K is covered by a brown covering C that, in fresh nuts, vfits tightly against the kernel socket in theshell T but when the nut is conditioned the varying relative expansion and contraction of the kernel and shell results in freeing the kernel from the socket of the shell T.

separated without any substantial breaking of the covering C which can, therefore, protect the oils in the kernel from oxidation, exudation and becoming rancid. At one end of the kernel K is the seed L. This seed is near a slight recess 4O in the fibrous portion, that is, closed `to the outside bythe brush-like formation of fibers Fand it is through this opening O and the fibers F at thestem end S of the nut that the sprout from the nut grows when conditions are favorable. The kernel is substantially solid except for a very slight cavity'along its center the size of whichy varies with the condition of the nut, being substantially non-existent in afresh nut and increasing in size as the nut ages and vseasons. The kernel K contains from about sixtyilveto over seventy-percent of a' solid white fat which in its composition and properties closely resembles cocoanut oil and melts at about room temperature.

When the nuts are cracked or shelled according to the teachings of this invention, they usually break into two substantially equal halves along a'longitudinal plane as is best seen in Figure 10. The break is., in most instances, irregular and jagged but clean and thekernel in a conditioned nut readily drops from the socket.

` 4In the case of multiple kernel nuts the membranes separating the several kernelsl arev also broken suiiiciently to permit-the kernels tovfree themselves from the shells.

' It is usually desirable to remove the husks befoi'conditioning thev nuts -prior to cracking andfconveniently this may be done with the In this process for shelling the nuts, the kernels are apparatus shown in Figure2 for cracking the` nuts in a manner hereinafter to be described.

The conditioning and cracking' process herein n described is applied after the husk has been removed although this is not essential but simply preferable to avoid applying the treatment to the husk, which nis unnecessary. The dehusked nuts to which this process is applied may be either green, i. e., not completely ripened, ripened, dry or physically wet. All of these conditions attain in the commercial handling of these nuts but no particular care need be eil:-v ercised when following the teachings of this invention to insure that the nuts are in any particular physical condition or uniform condition, although it is preferable that the nuts be reasonably ripe in order that the greatest amount of highest grade oil may be extracted from the kernels.

The'first step in the treatment of the nuts after the husk has been removed involves cooling the nuts to a'. temperature which sets up stresses and strains in the shells thereby making them frangible or embrittled and at the same depending upon the particular mit, its type, de-

gree-of ripeness, moisture content, etc., but there are general operations applicable to all those of v'the class described subject to minor variations in details.

For example, when slightly' dried, cohune nuts were subjected to temperatures from below 32 F. to well below 0 F. the nuts could be readily cracked. At higher temperatures a longer time interval to insure complete cooling of the nut was essential. At the lower temperature a shorter time was sufficient, and in the case of old, very dry nuts was essential because too long exposure to reduce temperatures made thekernels brittle and when the shells were cracked the kernels frequently shattered. 0n the other hand, short exposures to very low temperatures, solid carbon dioxide, embrittled the shell but frequently did not properly harden the kernel to Withstand the shock of cracking or upon extended exposine to such low temperatures made it too brittle. By proper time, temperature, and heat transfer control, a wide range of subfreezing temperatures can be employed. In practice, the most successful temperature range for extended exposure, i. e.,I noncritical time factor, was from slightly below 0 F to labout 20 F. For fresh wet nuts substantially' lower temperatures are preferred, specifically below- 0j F. to 20 F. and in some instances even lower. Within this range the shell and kernel reach a state of equilibrium, for maximum eectiveness in cracking. The shell is slightly contracted,`in outside dimensions as well as in wall thickness, the total effect of which is to increase the size of the kernel cavity, strains and stresses are set up within the shell and it is in a condition such that the proper type of blow applied to it will produce a clean longitudinal break usually'to form two nearly equal halves. At the samertime the kernel has been changed from its pulpy condition in tight'v contact with the walls of the cavity tor afharder yet not brittle condition and slightly spaced from the walls. As a general rule the actual temperature of the kernels for greatest efficiency in cracking is somewhat higher than the shell. This state is at-I be introduced into a chamber 2 tained in practice because the shell, while being cooled, serves as an insulation for the kernel and except by keeping the nuts at a particular low temperature for a very long time, the shell would be colder than the kernel.

To accomplish this conditioning the nuts may v (Figure 1) through a gas tight feed valve designated generally at 4. If desired, the nuts may be fed to the feed valve 4 from a hopper, not shown, or` any means for feeding the nuts may be employed, provided care is taken that the cool gases within the chamber 2 are not permitted to escape lthe cooling chamber 2.

freely through the nut feeding mechanism. In

practice, the nuts may be fed either continuously or in individual batches. At any rate, the chamber 2 is substantially lled with the nuts as is indicated inthe drawings. This chamber 2 comprises, as illustrated in Figure 1, a cylindrical member provided with a jacket 6 through which a Y exchanger I2-and a refrigeration apparatus I4 which latter may be of any conventional type commonly employed for cooling brine. In the refrigeration apparatus I4 the brine is again cooled then recirculated by passing it back to the jacket of the chamber l2 through the ,inlet pipe 8. By. the means just described it will be seen that the cylindrical chamber 2 is kept under controlled low temperature `conditions by the continuously recirculating brine. If desired, positive circulation of the brine may be insured by a pump or the like although convectional circulation is suillcient in most instances. Alternatively, there may be direct expansion of a refrigerating medium within the jacket 6. In some instances the jacket may be dispensed with entirely by substituting suitable heat insulating material and cooling the nuts solely by the recirculated gas in the manner to be described.

The heat exchanger I2 is shown as a relatively vlarger container for the brine through which a` coiled pipe 2li-is passed in order that the air which is circulated through the pipe 20 will be in contact with the cooled -pipe section for a relatively long time. Conveniently, the heat exchanger I2 may be divided by a central wall I3 passing horizontally through the heat exchanger. In this manner, the returning brine coming through the pipe I Il will not be mixed with the brine passing through the pipe 8 into the chamber! without going through the refrigerating apparatus I4. In-many instances the separating` wall is not necessary but may be desirable. -At any rate, the air passing through the pipe 20 by the suction created by the fan or blower 22 is cooled during the time thatit goes through the heat exchanger apparatus I2. Inthis case also the relatively warm air meets the warmer brine near the entrance to the pipe IIJ and is cooled by it a certain amount until it reaches lthe lower part of the heat exchanger I2 when it comes in contact with cooler brine and is likewise further cooled before it is drawnl through the blower or4 :fan 22 and passed into the larger pipe 24 at the nozzle 26 which is at the end of a pipe 28 connecting theblower or -fan 22 with the said nozzle 26. Due to the action of the blower or fan 22 the air is introduced into the pipe 24 from the 24 and a complete mixture is obtained within the mixing chamber 30 until all of the airis at a substantially uniform temperature when it rises through the turbulence throat 32 and passes up into the chamber 2. It will be understood that various modifications in duct and pipe arrangements can be made without departing from the principles of the invention.

The nuts in the chamber 2 are supported on a screen 34 which is hopper shaped with a at bottom closed by hinged members 35 that may be held either in a horizontal or vertical position by handles passing through the conically shaped portions 36in the lower part of the chamber 2. The hinged members of the screen 34 may be actuated to retain or discharge the cooled nuts from Within the chamber 2 into the mixing chamber 30 from which they may be discharged by the gas-tight feed valve 38 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the feed valve 4 at.the top of the chamber 2.

Cooled gases rising through' the turbulence throat 32 flow through the xed and movable portions of the screen 34 and are brought into intimate contact with all of the nuts within the chamber 2. The gases are passed upwardly through this chamber so that the coolest gases reach the nuts which are just' about to be disv charged and take up the heat contained in these nuts. As the gases pass upwardly they cool the nuts nearer the top of the chamber 2 until they are exhausted through the pipe 40 leading from the top of the chamber 2. The pipe 40 is divided into two parts 24 and 20, and the passage of the gas is controlled by two valves, one valve 42 in the pipe 24 and another 44 in the pipe 2 0, which makes it possible to control the relative amount of the air which will go through the heat exchanger I2 and which will be recirculated directly through the pipe 24. AThe nuts will be cooled most rapidly when a large volume of air is passed by them and in any single passage of the gas the amount of heat exchanged will be relatively small, therefore it is important that the gas be recirculated at a relatively high velocity. This is accomplished by the structure shown in which a relatively large portion of the gas is dire'ctly recirculated and a smaller portion is cooled gas mixed with the directly recirculated air. Obviously the direction of flow of the gas could be reversed if desired, and particularly when the nuts are handled in batches.

When practicing the process of this invention by employing the apparatus thus far described, the nuts are introduced into the chamber 2 through the gas tight feed valve 4. This valve is so-v arranged as to introduce a small amount of the nuts at a time and can be operated continuously rather slowly or can be operated to fill the chamber 2 in a relatively short space of time after which it is kept closed until the entire batch is discharged. However, it is preferred that the process be operated continuously and that nuts be added gradually through the feed valve 4 and removed continuously from the base of the chamber 2 through the outlet screen at 35 intothe l was forthcoming.

mixing chamber from which they are discharged by the outlet gas-tight valve 3l ,which is operatedat substantially the same speed as the inlet valve 4. In this manner the chamber 2 is kept substantially full of nuts at all times and the A nuts introduced at the top will be at normal temperatures while those removed at the bottom can be as cold as desired and in the preferred embodiment of the invention will be at tempera.- tures vbetween about 0 F. and 20 F. With some types of nuts it may be found that the remainder of the process can be practiced more expeditiously if the nuts are cooled to even lower temperatures and this can be accomplished with the apparatus shown in Figure. 1.

The nuts introduced. into the chamber 2 are cooled in two ways. First, by conduction and radiation of heat to the walls of chamber 2, which are cooled by the brine in the jacket 6,and second, by conduction to-,the air which is circulated through -the nuts. For economy it will usually b e found desirable to enclose all of the apparatusfor cooling the nuts and thel auxiliary parts, such as that shown in Figure 1 in suitable vnon-conducting coverings of the type Wellknown in the art to prevent the passage of heat from the outside into the colder portions of the apparatus'. The cooled air in the mixing chamber 30 isf passed upwardly as indicated through the turbulence throat 32 which is a restricted portion that causes a high velocity for the gas at that point. Immediately thereafter the gas expands and is spread out over ,the entire bottom area of the screen 434 which supports the nuts within the chamber 2. The cooled air is thus brought into` immediate contactlwith the nuts by passing through the screen 34 and the outlet screen 35. This cooled air absorbsthe heat in the nuts and cools them to temperatures approximating that of the gas. As the gas rises in the chamber, it gradually absorbs heat until it is substantially warmer than when introduced at the bottom, while in the meantime the nuts themselves have been cooled. The warm air is withdrawn from the top of the chamber through the pipe 40 by a suction ian or blower (not shown) if desired, and the major portion of the air will be passed downwardly through the pipe 24 by opening the valve 42 and return to the chamber 2 after mixingwith the air introduced at the discharged into the pipe 24 through the nozzle 25 will be slightly warmed but in the meantime will have cooled the recirculating gases in the pipe 24 to a. substantially lower temperature and the mixed gases will repeat the cycle until the nuts near the bottom of the chamber 2 will have been cooled to the desired temperature when they may be discharged by lowering the outlet screen 35 until a certain amount of the nuts have been dlscharged into the mixing chamber 30 vfroni which they will be removed by actuating the valve 38, causing them to .enter thepipe 50.

The nuts which were introduced into the chamber), whether wet or dry, probably had the kernels rather tightly fitted -into their sockets so that when the nuts were shaken no sound However, when .the nuts had been cooled in the manner described to the temperatures indicated, the kernels seem to have separated from the socket and if they are now shaken, a rattling sound will be heard, in some cases. This may be due in part to a shrinkage in the size of the kernel and also thevcontraction of the shell wall as described. The shell, embrittled by the cooling treatment, is more frangible than the uncooled nut and can be readily broken or shattered without crushing the kernel. After the nuts have been cooled in the manner above describedv or by any other procedure which will accomplish this result, and while still cooled they are cracked by the application of a blow to the surf-ace of the shell.;

Figure 2 is illustrative of an apparatus that may be employed for this purpose but it is to be understood that ,this is simply one of the `preferred means for shattering the shells, since other means, as for example, that described in Figure 4, may be substituted in Figure 2.

The conditioned nuts discharged through the pipe may be directly passed to the apparatus shown in Figure 2l or an intermediate feeding mechanism may be provided. The cracking mechanism comprises a feeding belt indicated with the reference numeral 52 on which arespaced cleats 53 separated a distance sufficient to receive a nut between each of the cleats with the long axis of each nut across the belt. The belt 52 isadapted to be driven on -pulleys 52a by a. source of power, not shown; "Ihe nuts positioned between the cleats 53 are conveyed to the right as shown in Figure 2 until they reach the end when they drop from the cleats as indicated by the arrow. Beneath the belt 52 is a driven shaft 54 positioned slightly behind the right extremity of the belt'52 and the cleat 53.l Mounted on the shaft 54 is a wheel 55 provided, in the modification illustrated in. Figure 2, with three projections 56 in the form of paddles having \a beveled front face.. The shaft 54, to which the wheel 55 is keyed, should be provided with means for rotating the shaft at varying speeds from 'approxi'- mately 500 R. P. M. to as high as 2000 R. P. M. Each of the paddles or projections 56 are bevelled to an extent such that when a' particular paddle is in the position beneath the extreme end of the belt 52, it will be substantially vertical so that a nut in dropping from the be1t'52 is struck by the rapidly rotating paddle 56 with a very sharp impact that projects the nut in the direction* indicated by the arrow to a back-stop 51.l For the cracking operation, the back-stop 51 may conveniently be simply a relatively heavy piece of fabric against which the 'cracked nut, comprising halves of shells and whole kernels, is impinged. Since the nuts have been struck by a sharp impact by the paddle 55, they are cracked at this point and the back-stop 51 is simply to break their flight and cause them to fall down into the... apron $9. Preferably the wheel 55am! back-stop 51 are enclosed in a common 'casing to catch the cracked nuts which are not directed toward the back-stop 51.

The mechanism just described in connection with Figure 2 can also be successfully employed for dehusking the nuts, in whichcase, the unconditioned nuts having ltheir husks intact, are

positioned on the belt 52, spaced by the cleats v from the screen lll and those pieces of shell not Y do for example, a steel plate 58. In this manner the nuts carrying husks are given two blows to insure removal of the husks, namely, by striking them with paddle 55 and also when the nut strikes the rigid stop 55. Since the shells have not been conditioned, they withstand the two blows without cracking. As a general rule, it is unnecessary and in many instances undesirable to use a rigid back-stop 58 when cracking nuts because the nuts are cracked by the impingement of the paddle 55, and the rigid stop 58 has a tendency to break the kernels without particularly assisting in the 'separation of the shells from the kernels. The rotating wheel 55, illustrated in Figure 2 and provided with three paddles 55, has been successfully used with a wheel of a diameter of approximately 18 inches where the paddles 55 projected therefrom a distance of about 21/2 inch-l es and have a slight bevel. Other forms of wheel have been used, as for example, an 18 inch wheel with two paddles. employed with old dry nuts speeds of approximately 800 R. P. M. were most successful. For fresh wet nuts, 1000 R. P. M. was required. With two paddles, a higher speed could be employed. With smaller Wheels, the speed is, as a general rule, increased, in order that the velocity of the paddle when striking the nut will be substantially the same asin the case of the 18 inch wheel rotating at the speeds indicated. It will' be evident, of course, that variations may be made in the arrangement and construction of the wheel 55 and paddles 56,l as will be evident to those skilled in the art. f v

It has also been found that this cracking apparatus may be -employed with some measure of success on nuts of the type described which have been very carefully and completely seasoned and dried, but while the shells can -be cracked the ,kernels are broken, bruised and shattered permitting oxidation and rancidlrying of the con-` tained oils. Separation of broken shell and kernel is more difcult.

The broken shells together with the kernels are discharged by the apron 69 onto a screen lll,

the meshes of which are large enough to permit a kernel to pass through but which will retain the larger portions of shell, most of which are halves. It is generally desirable that the screen 10 be given an oscillating motion by a mechanism, not shown, in order that the kernels will fall through the screen while the larger pieces of shell will be shaken along the inclined surface until they are discharged to the trough 'l2 into a receiving trough 14 which will convey the larger pieces of shell to storage piles or for other disposition.-

Upon the screen 16 will be discharged the kernels larger than the size of the kernel. The screen 16 is likewise agitated or given an oscillating motion by a mechanism, not shown. It is made of a screen of such mesh as will retain all of the kernels and those portions of the shell approximating the size of the kernels. Therefore, the smaller pieces of shell will drop through and be discharged onto another screen 18 through which .the fines will pass and the coarser particles will be discharged onto a trough 80 which will carry the small shell particles to a conveyor trough 82. The fines will be collected fin a hopper 84 and discharged through a chute 86.

Where three paddles were tapered roll H2 and a cylindrical roll III.

rial or of small links in order that it will have a surface upon which thel `tagged edges of they broken shell can firmly attach themselves and 'over which they will not slide. The belt l0 is set at an angle as shown in Figure 3 and near the upper edge thereof is a nozzle 92 from which air, supplied through a. pipe 94, is discharged. As the kernels and shells travel along the inclined belt 90 the relatively smooth and round kernels will tend to roll of! the side of the belt into the receptacle 98 while the shells being relatively flat with many jagged edges will tend to attach themselves to the belt and will not slide or roll along the inclined surface. However, some of the kernels4 may not roll by themselves but when they reach the area controlled by the nozzle 92, a jet of air discharged through the nozzle under pressure will tend to roll the kernels and force them off the side of the belt but the air pressure can be so controlled that the shells will not be dislodged` but will continue onthe belt until discharged from the end thereof into a suitable receptacle 91 to receive the shells.

According to the teachings of this invention as exemplified in Figure 2, the conditioned nuts are broken to separate the kernels and the shells and the cracked nuts are thereafter separated into shells of three sizes,`namely, the relatively large pieces, principally halves, the small pieces and the. pieces approximating the size of the kernels as well as the very-small fines and also the kernels .are cleanly separated from all of the shells.

The process described in 'connection with Figure 2 permits the separation of the kernels and shells without wetting eitherl of them. It has heretofore been suggested to separate nut kernels from the shells by means of a brine and this process may be employed in connection with certain features of my nut cracking process but is not as convenient as. that shown in Figure 2 because, by the brine method, the shell yand the kernelmust be wet and this may be undesirable in connection with later processing of either the kernels or the shells.

In Figure 4 is illustrated an alternative construction for cracking the nuts after they have been conditioned. The cooled nuts may be discharged from any type of conveyor, such as, for example, the trough H0 to the upper surface of a pair of rolls. lThe rolls are arranged so that their distances apart vary in progressingv away from the end to which the trough H0 feeds. In the form illustrated, this is attained by using a 'I'he rolls are spaced so that at one end the distance between them, at H6, Ais slightly less than the smallest dimension of the smallest nut found in a given batch of nuts. At the other end I I8, they are spaced a distance slightly smaller than the smallest dimension of the larger nuts in a batch. The surfaces of the rolls H2 and H4 are roughened slightly so that a's they rotate in the direction indicated Aby the arrows they will tend to grab the nuts and force them between the rolls. This will not occur however except where the nuts are just larger than the opening between the rollsv and in this manner the nuts will gradually work toward the larger opening where they will be grabbed by the rolls Vand forced between them to crack the shells. In this manner, the nuts are selectively cracked without undue crushing as would be the case were the rolls spaced apart the same distance along the entire length in which case any adjustment would satisfy only a particular nut while the smallerl nuts would go' aasanzs'r -chamber |20 and the inlet to the heat exchanger through without cracking and the larger nuts might be severely crushed so as to .break the kernels as well. l Figure 5 illustrates an embodimentof the invention in an apparatus which may be substituted for that shown in Figure 1 and is particularly useful for cooling t'he nuts to condition them. This apparatus comprises a chamber |20 that maybe of any desired shape but provided with a jacket |22 to receive a cooling brine from an inlet pipe |24. This brine having taken up heat in the jacket |22 from the nuts in the chamber |20 is discharged through an outlet brine pipe |26 which supplies it to a refrigeration apparatus |28 in which it is again cooled before passing through a heat exchanger |30 by a connecting conduit |32. In the heat exchanger the brine serves to cool the air passing therethrough in coiled pipes |34 before returning to the jacket |22 of the chamber |20 through the pipe |24.

Means are also provided to supply cold air to the chamber |20 in order that there my be direct -contact Ibetween the cool air and the nuts Within the chamber '120. This is accomplished by a blower or fan |36 which forces air through the pipe |34 and its coiled portion |35 within the heat'exchanger |30 through a pipe |38 which connects with a header |40 by pipes |42. Apertures. |44 in the header |40 distribute the cooled air uniformly throughout the chamber 20 for intimate contact with the nuts in the chamber.

When the air has absorbed the heat from the nuts in the chamber |20, it is removed through the pipes |46 connected with the suction side 'of the blower or fan |36 by a pipe |48.

In Figure 5 openings have been shown at'each end of the chamber |20 although a single opening at one end would besuicient in many instances. These openings, identified as |50, are closed by covers |52 which may be held in place by any suitable fastening means |54.

Within .the chamber |20 may be provided a plurality vof supports |56 to position trays'l58 within the chamber. Thes'e trays |58 are made of a foraminous material so that nuts |60 supported on the trays can be reached on all sides by the air passing throughtthe chamber.

While the apparatus shown in Figure 5 is particularly designed for a batch process, it could be readily modied to be used in connection with a continuous process wherein belts or the like were substituted for the trays |58 or in which the trays were continuously movedthrough', chambers. In this construction, the covers |52 would 'be replacedby suitable air locks which would permit the continuous passage of the trays or beltsC through' them. Likewise, a. plurality of chambers |20 might be set in series so that the nuts on the. trays |58 or on belts serving a vsimilar purpose would carry the nuts to chambers of the type of |20 which were maintained at progressively lower temperatures in order that the nuts might be cooled 'in a stepwise Amanner as they progressed 30. 'Obviously one or both of these could be employed in any given construction.

It will thus. be -seen that I have provided a method whereby nuts of the cohune variety which heretofore could not be satisfactorily cracked by commercial processes can readily be cracked without damaging the kernels within the nuts. Likewise, this invention provides an apparatus which may be used for carrying out the process'described. While certain preferred embodiments of the invention, as exemplified in the rprocess and apparatus described, have been given, it is to be understood that these are not to be considered as li'miting the invention but illustrative of it, the scope of the invention being set forth in the appended claims.

What -is-claimed is:v

l. The process of extracting the kernels. from substantially impenetrable palm nuts of the cohune variety comprising conditioning the nuts by cooling said nuts to a sufiicient temperature below 32 F. and for a sufcient length'of time to embrittle the shells and make themfrangible, shattering the frangible shells and separating the kernels from the broken shells.

2. The process for extracting the kernels from substantially impenetrable palm lnuts of the cohune variety comprising conditioning. the nuts by cooling said nuts to a suflicient temperature below 32 F. and for a sufficient length of time to embrittle the shells and make them frangible, subjecting the frangible shells to pressure deformation and separating 4the kernels from the broken shell.

3. The process for extracting the kernels from substantially impenetrable palm nuts of the cohune variety comprising conditioning the nuts by cooling said nuts to a sufilcient temperature below 32 F. and for a sufiicient length` of time to embrittle the shells and make them frangible,

hune variety comprising conditioningl said nuts by the radiation of heat therefromv to a colder body andby passing a cooled -gas over the nuts for a suiiicient length of time to reduce their temperaturev below 32 F. and make the shells frangible, shattering the frangible shells, and

separating the kernels from the broken shell.

6. In the process of extracting the kernels from substantially impenetrable palm nuts of the cohune variety, the process comprising conditioning the kernels and the shells which includes reducing the temperature of the nuts by removing heattherefrom until the nuts are at a temperature sufnciently below 32 F. to make the shells frangible vand to harden the kernels towithstand the shock. of .shattering the shells without shattering the kernels.' and shattering the shells.

.7. In the process for extracting the. kernels from substantially impenetrable palm nuts of the cohune variety, the process comprising conditiona refrigerated gas at a temperature of below 32 F. over the nuts for a sufiicient length of time to reduce the temperature of the shells more rapidly and to a greater extent than the kernels to embrittle and make the shells frangible and to harden the kernels to withstand the shock of shattering the shells without shattering the kernels, and shattering the shells. 8. In the process for extracting the kernel from substantiallyimpenetrable palm nuts of the cohune variety, the step of conditioning the kernels and shells which comprises reducing the temperature of the nuts by removing heat therefrom until the shells have attained a temperature of between about 20 F. and 20 F. to make them frangible and to harden `the kernels to withstand the shock of shattering the shells Without shattering the kernels and shattering the shells. l

9. In `the process for extracting the kernels from substantially impenetrable palm nuts of the cohune variety, the step of conditioning the kernels and shells which comprises reducing the temperature of the shells to between about 20 F. and 20 F. more rapidly and to a greater extent than the kernels, to embrittlev and make the shells frangible and to harden the kernels to withstand the shock of shattering the shells without making them brittle and shattering the shells.

1,0. 'Ihe process for extracting the kernels from substantially impenetrable palm nuts of the cohune variety comprising conditioning the nut.

by; cooling said nut to a suiiicient temperature below 32 F. and for a suiiicient length of time to embrittle the shell and make it frangible and striking a free nut with a sharp impact.

11. The process for" extracting the kernels from substantially impenetrable palm nuts of the cohune variety comprising conditioning the nut by coolingsaid nut to a temperature belowV 32 F.' to embrittle the shell and make it frangible, dropping the conditioned nut freely through space and striking the falling nut with a sharp impact.

12. The process for extracting the kernels from substantially impenetrable palm nuts of the cohune variety comprising conditioning the nut by cooling said nut to a temperature belowI to embrittle the shell and makel it frangible, dropping the conditioned nut freely through space/and striking the falling nut with a sharp impact de` livered substantially at right angles to the path ofV the falling nut, to project the cracked nut against a back-stop.

14. The process for extracting the kernels from substantially impenetrable palm nuts of' the v cohune variety comprising conditioning the nut by cooling said nut to a temperature below about 20 F. to embrittle the shell and make itjrangi'ble,

' dropping the conditioned. nut freelyA through space and striking the falling nut with a sharp impact delivered substantially at right angles t the path of the falling nut, to project the cracked nut against a back-stopl "ing the kernels and shells which includes passing 15. The process for extracting the kernels from substantially impenetrable palm; nuts of the cohune variety comprising conditioning the--nut by subjecting the nut to a cooling treatment comprising passing a cooled gas over the nut until the from substantially impenetrable palm nuts oi the cohune variety; in combination, the steps of conditioning the nut by subjecting the nut to a sufllcient temperature below 32 F. and for a suiiicient length of time to embrittle the shell and make the shell frangible and cracking the frangible shell. y

17. In the process of extracting the kernels from substantially impenetrable palm nuts of the cohune variety, in combination, the steps of con ditioning the nut by subjecting the nut to a sufficient temperature below 32 F. and for a suiilcient length of time to embrittle the 'shell and make the shell frangible and harden the kernel and cracking the frangible shell.

18. In the process of extracting the kernels from substantially impenetrable palm nuts of the cohune variety,v in combination, the steps of conditioning the nut by subjecting said nut to a suillcient temperature below 32 F. and for a suiilcient length Aoi time to embrittle the shell and make the shell frangible and establish clearance betweenthe shell and the kernel and cracking the frangible shell.

19. In the process of extracting the kernels from substantially impenetrable palm nuts of the cohune variety, in combination, the steps of conditioning the nut by subjecting said nut to a sufficient temperature below 32 F. and for a' suillcient length of time to embrittle the shell and make the shell frangible and harden the nkernel`and establish clearance between the shell suillcient length' of time to embrittle the shell subjecting the frangible shell to the force o f impact to crack the. shell.

22.` In the process of extractingmthe kernels from substantially impenetrable palm nuts of the cohune variety, in combination, the steps of striking anut with a blow to project it through space to disruptv the husk, separating the husk from the nut and then conditioning the nut by subjecting the nut to a. sumcien't temperature below 32 F. and forA a suillcient length of time to embrittle the shell and make the shell frangible and cracking the frangible shell.

23. In the process of extracting the kernels from substantially impenetrable palm nuts of the cohune variety, in combination, the steps of dev livering a nut to a predetermined position, subjecting the nut to the force of impact to loosen and break the husk, separating the nut from the husk, conditioning the nut separated from its husk by subjecting said nut to a sufilclent temperature below 32 F. and for a suiliclenil length oi. time to embrittle the shell and make the shell frangible and crackingthe irangiblel shell.

24. In lthe proc of extracting the kernels from substantially penetrable palm nuts of the cohune variety.' in combination, the steps of delivering a nut to a predetermined unsupported y 25. In the process of extracting the kernels from substantially impenetrable palm nuts of the cohune variety, in combination, the steps of delivering a nut vto a predetermined unsupported position, subjecting the unsupported nut to the force of impact to project the nut against a rigid lback-stop to loosen and break the husk, separating the nut from the husk, conditioning the nut separated from its husk by subjecting said nut to a sumcient temperature below 32 F. and for a suilicient length oi' time to embrittle the shell and make the shell frangible and cracking the frangible shell.

t 26. In the process of extracting the kernels from substantially impenetrable palm nuts of the cohune variety. in combination, the steps of conditioning the nut by cooling the nut suillciently' to cause the oil in the kernel to solidify and the kernel `to harden and thereby making the kernel resistant to impact and bruising while the shell 20 the shellwall, and cracking the frangible shell. 25

whereby the shell and kernel readily separate after the shell is cracked. Y

KARL M. JONES. 

